In the past decade, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been recognized as potent vehicles of
intercellular communication, both in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. This is due to their capacity …

Embryogenic developmental processes involve a tightly controlled regulation between
mechanical forces and biochemical cues such as growth factors, matrix proteins, and …

Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs) are potent growth factors belonging to the
Transforming Growth Factor Beta superfamily. To date over 20 members have been …

Abstract Background Matrix vesicles (MVs) are released from hypertrophic chondrocytes
and from mature osteoblasts, the cells responsible for endochondral and membranous …

Adipocyte differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (BMSCs) instead
of osteoblast formation contributes to age-and menopause-related marrow adiposity and …

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), as nanometer-scale particles, include exosomes, microvesicles,
and apoptotic bodies. EVs are released by most cell types, such as bone marrow stem cells …

Bone is a complex organ maintained by three main cell types: osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and
osteocytes. During bone formation, osteoblasts deposit a mineralized organic matrix …

Blood vessels are conduits distributed throughout the body, supporting tissue growth and
homeostasis by the transport of cells, oxygen and nutrients. Endothelial cells (ECs) form the …

Cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs), present in synovial fluid and cartilage extracellular
matrix (ECM), are involved in joint development and in the regulation of joint homeostasis …

Evolution has exploited the chemical properties of Ca 2+, which facilitate its reversible
binding to the sites of irregular geometry offered by biological macromolecules, to select it as …