This paper reviews (without equations) the various definitions of height systems and vertical
geodetic datum surfaces, together with their practical realisation for users in Australia …

The separation between the reference surfaces for orthometric heights and normal heights—
the geoid and the quasigeoid—is typically in the order of a few decimeters but can reach …

The estimation of the zero-height geopotential level of a local vertical datum (LVD) is a key
task towards the connection of isolated physical height frames and their unification into a …

Following our earlier definition of the rigorous orthometric height [J Geod 79 (1-3): 82–92
(2005)] we present the derivation and calculation of the differences between this and the …

In many European countries, normal heights referred to the quasi-geoid as introduced by
Molodenskij in the mid-20th century are preferred to the classical height system that consists …

One goal of modern geodesy is the global unification of vertical datums so that height data
from them can be properly integrated. This thesis studies the unification of the 13 disparate …

One of the most challenging environments for accurate geoid models is in high, rugged
mountain areas. Orthometric heights derived from GNSS and a geoid model can easily have …

The explicit formula for the geoid-to-quasigeoid correction is derived in this paper. On
comparing the geoidal height and height anomaly, this correction is found to be a function of …

We report on testing the UNB (University of New Brunswick) software suite for accurate
regional geoid model determination by use of Stokes-Helmert's method against an …

The local vertical datum in Japan is based on the Helmert's approximation of mean gravity
along the plumbline. However, determination of a rigorous orthometric height requires that …