Since the 1990s, the digitalization process has transformed the communication infrastructure
within the electrical grid: proprietary infrastructures and protocols have been replaced by the …

Just like Ethernet before, IEEE 802.11 is now transcending the borders of its usage from the
office environment toward real-time communication on the factory floor. However, similar to …

The precision time protocol (PTP) is considered as one of the most favorable mechanisms
for providing unified and precise time at the substation level in the smart grid. Nevertheless …

The Precision Time Protocol (PTP) aims to provide highly accurate and synchronized clocks.
Its defining standard, IEEE 1588, has a security section (“Annex K”) which relies on …

The Precision Time Protocol (PTP) synchronizes clocks in a network with high precision. The
protocol finds use in many areas, such as smart manufacturing, intra-vehicular networks …

Time synchronization is one of the main issues for guaranteeing the correctness of actions
depending on the time of measured data or detected events by electronic devices across …

Time Synchronization is critically important in the alignment of signals resulting from a power
system event or the measurement of data required to perform a protection and control action …

Abstract For decades, the Network Time Protocol (NTP) has been used to synchronize
computer clocks over untrusted network paths. This work takes a new look at the security of …

In many areas, such as electrical power distribution, industry or the financial sector, time
synchronization of devices in their local network is important. The high requirements for …

Due to the increasing dependency of critical infrastructure on synchronized clocks, network
time synchronization protocols have become an attractive target for attackers. We identify …