Melanoma has markedly increased worldwide during the past several decades in the
Caucasian population and is responsible for 80% of skin cancer deaths. Considering that …

The transforming growth factor (TGF)-β and phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B
(PI3K/AKT) signaling pathways are used in cells to control numerous responses, including …

Transforming growth factor–β (TGF-β) is a pluripotent cytokine that regulates cell fate and
plasticity in normal tissues and tumors. The multifunctional cellular responses evoked by …

Recent evidence have suggested that neuroinflammation and ischemia induce the
activation of two different types of reactive astrocytes, termed A1 and A2. Additionally, A1 …

TGF-β plays an important role in the progression of prostate cancer. It exhibits both tumor
suppressor and tumor-promoting activities. Correlations between cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 …

Transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) induced differentiation of human lung fibroblasts to
myofibroblasts is a key event in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis. Although the typical …

NDRG1 is an oncogenic signaling disruptor that plays a key role in multiple cancers,
including aggressive pancreatic tumors. Recent studies have indicated a role for NDRG1 in …

From the first reported role of the transcription factor RUNX2 in osteoblast and chondrocyte
differentiation and migration to its involvement in promigratory/proinvasive behavior of …

Previous studies have found that tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) promote cancer
progression. We previously reported that TAMs promote prostate cancer metastasis via …

Infiltrating macrophages are a key component of inflammation during tumorigenesis, but the
direct evidence of such linkage remains unclear. We report here that persistent coculturing …