The IL (interleukin)-6-type cytokines IL-6, IL-11, LIF (leukaemia inhibitory factor), OSM
(oncostatin M), ciliary neurotrophic factor, cardiotrophin-1 and cardiotrophin-like cytokine are …

In macrophages detection of gram-negative bacteria particularly involves binding of the
outer-wall component lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to its cognate receptor complex, comprising …

Interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokines are critically involved in health and disease. The duration
and strength of IL-6-type cytokine-mediated signaling is tightly regulated to avoid …

IL (interleukin)-22 is an IL-10-related cytokine; its main biological activity known thus far is
the induction of acute phase reactants in liver and pancreas. IL-22 signals through a …

The type I interferon (IFN) system is a first line of defense against viral infections. Viruses
have developed various mechanisms to counteract this response. So far, the interferon …

The expression of acute-phase proteins (APP's) maintains homeostasis and tissue repair,
but also represents a central component of the organism's defense strategy, especially in the …

An important function of receptors that signal through immunoreceptor tyrosine-based
activation motifs (ITAMs) is to regulate signaling by heterologous receptors. This review …

Innate immunity represents the first line of defense against invading pathogens. Toll-like
receptors (TLRs) are important for activation of innate immunity. Moreover, cytokines …

Immunological activation of macrophages/microglia within the CNS leads to the production
of cytokines and chemokines that ultimately impact on glial and neuronal function …

Although the use of IFN-α in combination with ribavirin has improved the treatment efficacy
of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, 20–50% of patients still fail to eradicate the virus …