Abstract Narcolepsy type 1 (NT1) is a chronic sleep disorder resulting from the loss of a
small population of hypothalamic neurons that produce wake-promoting hypocretin (HCRT; …

Abstract Although the GABAergic benzodiazepines (BZDs) and Z-drugs (zolpidem,
zopiclone, and zaleplon) are FDA-approved for insomnia disorders with a strong evidence …

Orexins (also called hypocretins) are hypothalamic neuropeptides that carry out essential
functions in the central nervous system; however, little is known about their release and …

This review summarizes the brain mechanisms controlling sleep and wakefulness.
Wakefulness promoting systems cause low-voltage, fast activity in the …

Narcolepsy is the most common neurological cause of chronic sleepiness. The discovery
about 20 years ago that narcolepsy is caused by selective loss of the neurons producing …

Fluorine-containing small molecules have occupied an especial position in drug discovery
research. The successful clinical use of fluorinated corticosteroids in the 1950s and …

Sleep and wakefulness are regulated to occur at appropriate times that are in accordance
with our internal and external environments. Avoiding danger and finding food, which are life …

Orexins, also known as hypocretins, are two neuropeptides secreted from orexin-containing
neurons, mainly in the lateral hypothalamus (LH). Orexins orchestrate their effects by …

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) comprise the largest family of transmembrane
signaling molecules and regulate a host of physiological and disease processes. To better …

Mammals respond to reduced food availability by becoming more wakeful and active, yet the
central pathways regulating arousal and instinctual motor programs (such as food seeking) …