Antibiotic resistance is recognized as a global threat to public health. The selection and
evolution of antibiotic resistance in clinical pathogens were believed to be majorly driven by …

The global emergence of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria is a growing threat to
antibiotic therapy. The chromosomally encoded drug efflux mechanisms that are ubiquitous …

Multidrug resistance (MDR) refers to the capability of bacterial pathogens to withstand lethal
doses of structurally diverse drugs which are capable of eradicating non-resistant strains …

Gram-negative bacteria express a plethora of efflux pumps that are capable of transporting
structurally varied molecules, including antibiotics, out of the bacterial cell. This efflux lowers …

Biofilms are complex microbial associations anchored to abiotic or biotic surfaces,
embedded in extracellular matrix produced by the biofilms themselves where they interact …

Besides the ecotoxicological consequences of microplastics and associated chemicals, the
association of microbes on plastics has greater environmental implications as microplastics …

Drug efflux pumps play a key role in drug resistance and also serve other functions in
bacteria. There has been a growing list of multidrug and drug-specific efflux pumps …

It is well established that multidrug-resistance efflux pumps encoded by bacteria can confer
clinically relevant resistance to antibiotics. It is now understood that these efflux pumps also …

Efflux pump genes and proteins are present in both antibiotic-susceptible and antibiotic-
resistant bacteria. Pumps may be specific for one substrate or may transport a range of …

Antibiotic resistance of bacterial pathogens is a fast emerging global crisis and an
understanding of the underlying resistance mechanisms is paramount for design and …