We assess evidence relevant to Earth's equilibrium climate sensitivity per doubling of
atmospheric CO2, characterized by an effective sensitivity S. This evidence includes …

For the current generation of earth system models participating in the Coupled Model
Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6), the range of equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS …

Abstract The Canadian Earth System Model version 5 (CanESM5) is a global model
developed to simulate historical climate change and variability, to make centennial-scale …

Working Group I (WGI) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) assesses
the current evidence on the physical science of climate change, evaluating knowledge …

Future global warming estimates have been similar across past assessments, but several
climate models of the latest Sixth Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) simulate …

The second version of the coupled Norwegian Earth System Model (NorESM2) is presented
and evaluated. NorESM2 is based on the second version of the Community Earth System …

The combustion of fossil fuels produces emissions of the long-lived greenhouse gas carbon
dioxide and of short-lived pollutants, including sulfur dioxide, that contribute to the formation …

The effective radiative forcing, which includes the instantaneous forcing plus adjustments
from the atmosphere and surface, has emerged as the key metric of evaluating human and …

Partitioning uncertainty in projections of future climate change into contributions from
internal variability, model response uncertainty and emissions scenarios has historically …

The sixth Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) constitutes the latest update on
expected future climate change based on a new generation of climate models. To extract …