Multinational enterprises are deeply engaged in nonmarket strategy (NMS), including both
corporate political activity (CPA) and strategic corporate social responsibility (SCSR). In this …

This paper presents a review and critique of the 20-year-old literature on institutional
distance, which has greatly proliferated. We start with a discussion of the three institutional …

Blockchain is one the most remarkable technological innovations of the 21st century. The
most notable application of blockchain is in the development and operation of …

Scholarly interest in necessity entrepreneurship has risen steadily over the last four
decades, with much of the research in this area focused on distinguishing individuals who …

How can human resource management (HRM), as both a scholarly discourse and a
corporate strategic function, advance the sustainability agenda? We endeavor to answer this …

It is often taken as a stylized fact that state ownership harms the financial performance of
firms. Yet we show that this relationship varies greatly across national contexts. We argue …

Many researchers in international business (IB) refer to necessity when they theorize about
the relationships between different concepts. However, necessary conditions involve a …

Africa is rising, but IB scholars have largely failed to take notice. We argue that this is a
missed opportunity. Not only is Africa a dynamic and distinctive region, but its rise presents a …

We review four decades of research about the corporate governance of multinational
corporations (MNCs), which we label International Corporate Governance (ICG). We identify …

This paper develops and discusses a model describing how multinational enterprises from
emerging economies (EMNEs) overcome the liability of outsidership in their …