Potent and clinically significant analgesic effects can be brought about by opioids acting
outside the central nervous system. Injury and inflammation of peripheral tissues leads to …

This review summarizes recent findings on peripheral mechanisms underlying the
generation and inhibition of pain. The focus is on events occurring in peripheral injured …

This paper is the 28th consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning
the endogenous opioid system, now spanning over a quarter-century of research. It …

P-glycoprotein (Pgp), a membrane transporter encoded by the MDR1 gene in human cells,
mediates drug efflux from cells, and it plays a major role in causing multidrug resistance …

The concept that the immune system can communicate with peripheral sensory neurons to
modulate pain is based mostly on documented interactions between opioid ligands and …

Background Low‐level laser therapy (LLLT) has been reported to relieve pain with minimal
side effects. Recent studies have demonstrated that opioid‐containing immune cells migrate …

BACKGROUND: Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) has been reported to relieve pain, free of
side effects. However, the mechanisms underlying LLLT are not well understood. Recent …

This chapter reviews the expression and regulation of opioid receptors in sensory neurons
and the interactions of these receptors with endogenous and exogenous opioid ligands …

This review summarizes recent findings on neuro-immune mechanisms underlying opioid-
mediated inhibition of pain. The focus is on events occurring in peripheral injured tissues …

Opioid receptors are widely expressed in the central and peripheral nervous system as well
as in numerous nonneuronal tissues. Both animal models and human clinical data support …