Influenza A viruses cause pandemics when they cross between species and an
antigenically novel virus acquires the ability to infect and transmit between these new hosts …

Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) circulate globally, spilling over into domestic poultry and
causing zoonotic infections in humans. Fortunately, AIVs are not yet capable of causing …

The world had been anticipating another influenza pandemic since the last one in 1968. The
pandemic influenza A H1N1 2009 virus (A/2009/H1N1) finally arrived, causing the first …

Influenza A viruses are amongst the most challenging viruses that threaten both human and
animal health. Influenza A viruses are unique in many ways. Firstly, they are unique in the …

Avian influenza A viruses, such as the highly pathogenic avian H5N1 viruses, sporadically
enter the human population but often do not transmit between individuals. In rare cases …

Typical avian influenza A viruses are restricted from replicating efficiently and causing
disease in humans. However, an avian virus can become adapted to humans by mutating or …

Obesity is associated with increased disease severity, elevated viral titers in exhaled breath,
and significantly prolonged viral shed during influenza A virus infection. Due to the mutable …

As a group, influenza-A viruses (IAV) infect a wide range of animal hosts, however, they are
constrained to infecting selected host species by species-specific interactions between the …

The emergence of new pandemic influenza A viruses requires overcoming barriers to cross-
species transmission as viruses move from animal reservoirs into humans. This complicated …

Avian influenza viruses of the H5N1 subtype pose a serious global health threat due to the
high mortality (> 60%) associated with the disease caused by these viruses and the lack of …