Dopamine is a critical modulator of both learning and motivation. This presents a problem:
how can target cells know whether increased dopamine is a signal to learn or to move? It is …

Levodopa‐induced dyskinesia is a common complication in Parkinson disease. Pathogenic
mechanisms include phasic stimulation of dopamine receptors, nonphysiological levodopa …

People with late-stage Parkinson's disease (PD) often suffer from debilitating locomotor
deficits that are resistant to currently available therapies. To alleviate these deficits, we …

External rewards such as food and money are potent modifiers of behaviour,. Pioneering
studies established that these salient sensory stimuli briefly interrupt the tonic discharge of …

Schizophrenia remains a challenging disease to treat effectively with current antipsychotic
medications due to their limited efficacy across the entire spectrum of core symptoms as well …

Endocannabinoids (eCBs) are a family of lipid molecules that act as key regulators of
synaptic transmission and plasticity. They are synthetized “on demand” following …

G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) play critical roles in regulating brain function. Recent
advances have greatly expanded our understanding of these receptors as complex …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a debilitating neurodegenerative disorder. Its symptoms are
typically treated with levodopa or dopamine receptor agonists, but its action lacks specificity …

Highlights•Homeostatic plasticity plays an important role in mitigating striatal
pathophysiology in the early stages of PD.•Aberrant dopamine-dependent synaptic plasticity …

The striatum is densely innervated by mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons that modulate
acquisition and vigor of goal-directed actions and habits. This innervation is progressively …