For camouflage to succeed, an individual has to pass undetected, unrecognized or
untargeted, and hence it is the processing of visual information that needs to be deceived …

Animal camouflage has long been used to illustrate the power of natural selection, and
provides an excellent testbed for investigating the trade‐offs affecting the adaptive value of …

Avoiding Attack discusses the diversity of mechanisms by which prey avoid predator attacks
and explores how such defensive mechanisms have evolved through natural selection. It …

Mammalian colors and color patterns are some of the most diverse and conspicuous traits
found in nature and have been widely studied from genetic/developmental and evolutionary …

Natural illumination is a common attribute and uncontrollable intimidation for concealment,
detection, recognition, and identification (CDRI) of defense surveillance. Every research …

The strategies underlying different forms of protective coloration are well understood but little
attention has been paid to the ecological, life‐history and behavioural circumstances under …

Warning coloration are common defense strategies used by animals to deter predators.
Pestilential gregarious locusts exhibit a notable black-brown pattern as a form of warning …

Predator-prey dynamics are an important evolutionary driver of escalating predation mode
and efficiency, and commensurate responses of prey [1–3]. Among these strategies …

Countershading was one of the first proposed mechanisms of camouflage [1, 2]. A dark
dorsum and light ventrum counteract the gradient created by illumination from above …

Melanin, and other pigments have recently been shown to preserve over geologic time
scales, and are found in several different organisms. This opens up the possibility of …