Acetylcholine is the primary parasympathetic neurotransmitter in the airways, where it not
only induces bronchoconstriction and mucus secretion, but also regulates airway …

Asthma is an obstructive airway disease, with a heterogeneous and multifactorial
pathogenesis. Although generally considered to be a disease principally driven by chronic …

Recently, involvement of IL-17 in development of COPD has been noticed. Unlike IL-8, the
role of IL-17 in COPD remains controversial. In order to further understand mechanisms in …

Tiotropium bromide is a long acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA), marketed under the
brand name Spiriva®, for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) …

Acetylcholine is the primary parasympathetic neurotransmitter in the airways and an
autocrine/paracrine secreted hormone from non-neuronal origins including inflammatory …

Airway remodelling, including smooth muscle remodelling, is a primary cause of airflow
limitation in asthma. Recent evidence links bronchoconstriction to airway remodelling in …

Acetylcholine (neuronal and non-neuronal origin) regulates bronchoconstriction, and mucus
secretion. It has an inflammatory effect by inducing attraction, survival and cytokine release …

Since ancient times, anticholinergics have been used as a bronchodilator therapy for
obstructive lung diseases. Targets of these drugs are G-protein-coupled muscarinic M1, M2 …

In COPD, the activity of the cholinergic system is increased, which is one of the reasons for
the airflow limitation caused by the contraction of airway smooth muscles. Therefore …

In addition to hyperresponsiveness in asthma, airway smooth muscle (ASM) also manifests
an inflammatory phenotype characterized by augmented expression of mediators that …