The traditional system of clinical education in emergency medicine relies on practicing
diagnostic, therapeutic, and procedural skills on live patients. The ethical, financial, and …

The discipline of surgery requires a significant amount of cognitive analysis and integration
of patient data. Based on this analysis, decisions are often made quickly, occasionally under …

With the introduction of minimally invasive techniques, surgeons must learn skills and
procedures that are radically different from traditional open surgery. Traditional methods of …

Purpose: Surgical simulation has emerged in the last decade as a potential tool for aiding
acquisition of technical skills, including anesthesia protocols, trauma management, cardiac …

Background The role of simulation in orthopaedic surgical training is becoming increasingly
evident, as simulation allows repeated sustained practice in an environment that does not …

Purpose: The need to develop new methods of surgical training combined with advances in
computing has led to the development of sophisticated virtual reality surgical simulators. The …

Previous investigation of a cost-effective virtual reality arthroscopic training system, the
Sheffield Knee Arthroscopy Training System (SKATS), indicated the desirability of including …

Formal evaluation of surgical simulators is essential before their introduction into training
programs. We report our assessment of the Mentice Corp Procedicus shoulder arthroscopy …

Introduction Modern technologies are increasingly applied in neurosurgical resident
training. To date, no data are available regarding how frequently these are used in the …

The high cost of simulators that offer adequate realism for training has been a major
challenge for the simulation community. The cost of the computers alone has been too high …