Models and experiments on adaptive decision-making typically consider highly simplified
environments that bear little resemblance to the complex, heterogeneous world in which …

How consciousness appeared much earlier in evolutionary history than is commonly
assumed, and why all vertebrates and perhaps even some invertebrates are conscious …

Emotions are complex reactions that allow individuals to cope with significant positive and
negative events. Research on emotion was pioneered by Darwin's work on emotional …

The notion of subjective value is central to choice theories in ecology, economics, and
psychology, serving as an integrated decision variable by which options are compared …

Economic choice proceeds from evaluation, in which we contemplate options, to selection,
in which we weigh options and choose one. These stages must be differentiated so that …

Recent evidence demonstrates that humans are not the only species to respond negatively
to inequitable outcomes which are to their disadvantage. Several species respond …

La frustración es un estado emocional que se desencadena ante acontecimientos que
involucran la reducción o supresión inesperada de reforzadores apetitivos. En este artículo …

This revised third edition provides an up to date, comprehensive overview of the field of
comparative psychology, integrating both evolutionary and developmental studies of brain …

Mammals respond to an unexpected reward omission or reduction with a variety of
behavioral and physiological responses consistent with an aversive emotion traditionally …

Jays hide food caches, steal them from conspecifics and use tactics to minimize cache theft.
Jays are sensitive to the content of their own caches, retrieving items depending on their …