BACKGROUND In adult mammalian organisms, multiple tissues—including the skin, blood,
stomach, and intestines—are entrapped in a state of permanent regeneration; older cells are …

The mammary gland is a highly dynamic organ that undergoes profound changes within its
epithelium during puberty and the reproductive cycle. These changes are fueled by …

The development of the mammary gland is unique: the final stages of development occur
postnatally at puberty under the influence of hormonal cues. Furthermore, during the life of …

Adipose tissue is a complex endocrine organ, with a role in obesity and cancer. Adipose
tissue is generally linked to excessive body fat, and it is well known that the female breast is …

The mammary epithelium is composed of several cell lineages including luminal, alveolar
and myoepithelial cells. Transplantation studies have suggested that the mammary …

Wnt signaling regulates a variety of cellular processes, including cell fate, differentiation,
proliferation and stem cell pluripotency. Aberrant Wnt signaling is a hallmark of many …

The mammary gland is composed of multiple types of epithelial cells, which are generated
by mammary stem cells (MaSCs) residing at the top of the hierarchy,. However, the …

The Dishevelled gene was first identified in Drosophila mutants with disoriented hair and
bristle polarity [[1],[2],[3]]. The Dsh gene (Dsh/Dvl, in Drosophila and vertebrates …

Reproductive history is the strongest risk factor for breast cancer after age, genetics and
breast density,. Increased breast cancer risk is entwined with a greater number of ovarian …

R-spondin (RSPO) proteins constitute a family of four secreted glycoproteins (RSPO1–4)
that have appeared as multipotent signaling ligands. The best-known molecular function of …