▪ Abstract The functional causes of life history trade-offs have been a topic of interest to
evolutionary biologists for over six decades. Our review of life history trade-offs discusses …

The vertebrate stress response helps animals respond to environmental dangers such as
predators or storms. An important component of the stress response is glucocorticoid (GC) …

The Flexible Phenotype attempts a true synthesis of physiology, behaviour, and ecology by
developing an empirical argument that describes the intimate connections between …

We approach conceptual issues in evolutionary biology from an endocrinological
perspective, noting that single hormones typically act on several target tissues and thereby …

This article, which focuses on hormones and the diverse effects they have on behavior and
physiology, raises evolutionary questions that hormonal studies appear especially well …

On average, men have 61% more muscle mass than women (d= 3), a sex difference which
is developmentally related to their much higher levels of testosterone. Potential benefits of …

Hormones influence many aspects of organismal behavior, physiology, and morphology,
and thus hormones may lie at the root of many life-history trade-offs. By manipulating …

The mechanistic bases of natural and sexual selection on physiological and behavioral traits
were examined in male morphs of three colors of the side-blotched lizard, Uta stansburiana …

When selection on males and females differs, the sexes may diverge in phenotype.
Hormones serve as a proximate regulator of sex differences by mediating sex-biased trait …

Hormones mediate the expression of suites of correlated traits and hence may act both to
facilitate and constrain adaptive evolution. Selection on one trait within a hormone-mediated …