Adsorption is an effective method for the removal of inorganic and organic contaminants and
has been commonly used as a pretreatment method to improve contaminant removal and …

Reverse osmosis (RO) membrane process has become the most promising technology for
desalination to produce purified water. Among numerous polymeric materials used to …

Colloids are fine particles whose characteristic size falls within the rough size range of 1–
1000nm. In pressure-driven membrane systems, these fine particles have a strong tendency …

The membrane bioreactor (MBR) can no longer be considered as a novel process. This
reliable and efficient technology has become a legitimate alternative to conventional …

Membrane bioreactors (MBRs), in which membranes are applied to biological wastewater
treatment for biomass separation, provide many advantages over conventional treatment …

Over the last 10 years, numerous membrane filtration data have been viewed through the
lens of the concept of critical flux. This concept, used in a number of different ways often …

The Handbook of Membrane Separations: Chemical, Pharmaceutical, and Biotechnological
Applications provides detailed information on membrane separation technologies as they …

A primary reason for flux decline during the initial period of a membrane separation process
is concentration polarization of solute at the membrane surface This can occur in …

A standard flux-step method has been developed for assessing fouling in a membrane
bioreactor operating at constant flux. Three keys parameters based on transmembrane …

Desalination by using reverse osmosis (RO) membranes has become very popular for
producing freshwater from brackish water and seawater. Membrane lifetime and permeate …