All species of the protozoan parasite, Plasmodium, have a complex life cycle involving both
an insect and vertebrate host. The immune system of the vertebrate host is confronted with a …

Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) is an important regulator of inflammation, being
proinflammatory at low concentrations and anti-inflammatory at high concentrations. As …

To determine the potential contribution of innate immune responses to the early
proinflammatory cytokine response to Plasmodium falciparum malaria, we have examined …

Pregnant women, especially primigravidas, are highly susceptible to malaria infection,
resulting in maternal anemia and low birth weight infants. Because circulating parasitemia is …

The role of endogenous gamma interferon (IFN-γ) in protective immunity against blood-
stage Plasmodium chabaudi AS malaria was studied using IFN-γ gene knockout (GKO) and …

ABSTRACT Infection of interleukin-10 (IL-10)-nonexpressing (IL-10−/−) mice with
Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi (AS) leads to exacerbated pathology in female mice and …

The relationship between malaria-related outcomes and cytokine production in whole blood
cultures associated with cellular immune responses and immunity to Plasmodium falciparum …

This study was undertaken to explore early differences in cytokine production during
nonlethal and lethal blood-stage murine malaria infections. Cytokine analysis of spleens …

We have examined the role of the immunomodulatory cytokine transforming growth factor
(TGF)-β in the resolution and pathology of malaria in BALB/c mice. Circulating levels of TGF …

Polygenic autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), are a
significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. In recent years, functionally important …