H01L25/18—Assemblies consisting of a plurality of individual semiconductor or other solid
state devices; Multistep manufacturing processes thereof the devices being of types …

NAND flash memory is ubiquitous in everyday life today because its capacity has
continuously increased and cost has continuously decreased over decades. This positive …

The scalability of DRAM faces challenges from increasing power consumption and the
difficulty of building high aspect ratio capacitors. Consequently, emerging memory …

Dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) is the building block of modern main memory
systems. DRAM cells must be periodically refreshed to prevent loss of data. These refresh …

Multirate refresh techniques exploit the non-uniformity in retention times of DRAM cells to
reduce the DRAM refresh overheads. Such techniques rely on accurate profiling of retention …

Recent trends of CMOS technology scaling and wide-spread use of multicore processors
have dramatically increased the power consumption of main memory. It has been estimated …

Modern DRAM cells are periodically refreshed to prevent data loss due to leakage.
Commodity DDR (double data rate) DRAM refreshes cells at the rank level. This degrades …

DRAM is the building block of modern main memory systems. DRAM cells must be
periodically refreshed to prevent data loss. Refresh operations degrade system performance …

Modern DRAM-based systems suffer from significant energy and latency penalties due to
conservative DRAM refresh standards. Volatile DRAM cells can retain information across a …

DRAM scaling has been the prime driver for increasing the capacity of main memory system
over the past three decades. Unfortunately, scaling DRAM to smaller technology nodes has …