The folding of transmembrane proteins into the outer membrane presents formidable
challenges to Gram-negative bacteria. These proteins must migrate from the cytoplasm …

Most chloroplast proteins are encoded in the nucleus and synthesized on free, cytosolic
ribosomes in precursor form. Each precursor has an amino‐terminal extension called a …

Integral β-barrel proteins are found in the outer membranes of mitochondria, chloroplasts,
and Gram-negative bacteria. The machine that assembles these proteins contains an …

Mitochondria and chloroplasts import the vast majority of their proteins across two
membranes, and use translocases of the outer membrane as an entry gate. These …

Guanine nucleotide-binding (G) proteins, which cycle between a GDP-and a GTP-bound
conformation, are conventionally regulated by GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) and …

Most proteins in chloroplasts are encoded by the nuclear genome and synthesized as
precursors with N-terminal targeting signals called transit peptides. Novel machinery has …

The mechanism underlying perinuclear calcium spiking induced during legume root
endosymbioses is largely unknown. Lotus japonicus symbiosis-defective castor and pollux …

Chloroplasts are essential organelles in the cells of plants and algae. The functions of these
specialized plastids are largely dependent on the~ 3000 proteins residing in the organelle …

In Gram-negative bacteria and eukaryotic organelles, β-barrel proteins of the outer
membrane protein 85–two-partner secretion B (Omp85-TpsB) superfamily are essential …

The translocons at the outer (TOC) and the inner (TIC) envelope membranes of chloroplasts
mediate the targeting and import of several thousand nucleus-encoded preproteins that are …