Phlebotomines are the sole or principal vectors of Leishmania, Bartonella bacilliformis, and
some arboviruses. The coevolution of sand flies with Leishmania species of mammals and …

Background Leishmaniases are parasitic diseases present worldwide that are transmitted to
the vertebrate host by the bite of an infected sand fly during a blood feeding. Phlebotomine …

Leishmaniasis affects over 150 million people all over the world, especially in subtropical
regions. Currently used antileishmanial synthesized drugs are associated with some …

Quantitation of the nonlinear heterogeneities in Leishmania parasites, sand fly vectors, and
mammalian host relationships provides insights to better understand leishmanial …

Leishmaniasis is one of the major health problems and categorized as a class I disease
(emerging and uncontrolled) by World Health Organization (WHO), causing highly …

Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne disease transmitted by bites of phlebotomine sand flies.
During Leishmania transmission, sand fly saliva is co-inoculated with parasites into the skin …

Background The sandfly Phlebotomus papatasi is the vector of Leishmania major, the main
causative agent of Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in Saudi Arabia. Sandflies inject …

In humans, infection with Leishmania manifests into a spectrum of diseases. The
manifestation of the diseases depend on the resultant evasion of the parasite to immune …

Introduction: Leishmania spp. are causative agents of leishmaniasis, a broad-spectrum
neglected vector-borne disease. Genomic and transcriptional studies are not capable of …

Background Phlebotomus tobbi is a vector of Leishmania infantum, and P. sergenti is a
vector of Leishmania tropica. Le. infantum and Le. tropica typically cause visceral or …