LIA of prehistoric metals in the Central Mediterranean area: A review

G Artioli, C Canovaro, P Nimis, I Angelini - Archaeometry, 2020 - Wiley Online Library
Following animated discussions in the 1990–2010 period concerning the validity and
potential application of Pb isotope data to yield information on ancient metallurgy, recently …

One thousand years of Mediterranean silver trade to the Levant: A review and synthesis of analytical studies

T Eshel, Y Erel, N Yahalom-Mack, A Gilboa - Journal of Archaeological …, 2024 - Springer
Silver exchanged by weight for its intrinsic value was the most important measure of value
and means of payment in the southern Levant, starting from the Middle Bronze Age II–III …

Lead isotopes in silver reveal earliest Phoenician quest for metals in the west Mediterranean

T Eshel, Y Erel, N Yahalom-Mack… - Proceedings of the …, 2019 - National Acad Sciences
When and why did the Phoenicians initiate long-term connections between the Levant and
western Europe? This is one of the most hotly debated questions in ancient Mediterranean …

Anthropogenic impact and lead pollution throughout the Holocene in Southern Iberia

A García-Alix, FJ Jiménez-Espejo, JA Lozano… - Science of the total …, 2013 - Elsevier
Present day lead pollution is an environmental hazard of global proportions. A correct
determination of natural lead levels is very important in order to evaluate anthropogenic lead …

Silver isotope and volatile trace element systematics in galena samples from the Iberian Peninsula and the quest for silver sources of Roman coinage

J Milot, J Blichert-Toft, MA Sanz… - …, 2022 - pubs.geoscienceworld.org
Silver played a key role in the progressive monetization of early Mediterranean civilizations.
We combine Pb and Ag isotopes with volatile trace elements (Bi, Sb, and As) to assess …

Bismuth behaviour during ancient processes of silver–lead production

M L'Héritier, S Baron, L Cassayre… - Journal of Archaeological …, 2015 - Elsevier
Bismuth is one of the main trace elements found in archaeological lead and silver material in
very variable contents. As silver refining by cupellation involves the redistribution of some …

From commodity to money: The rise of silver coinage around the Ancient Mediterranean (sixth–first centuries bce)

F Albarède, J Blichert‐Toft, F de Callataÿ… - …, 2021 - Wiley Online Library
The reasons why the Western Mediterranean, especially Carthage and Rome, resisted
monetization relative to the Eastern Mediterranean are still unclear. We address this …

The macro‐regional scale of silver production in I beria during the first millennium BC in the context of Mediterranean contacts

M Murillo‐Barroso, I Montero‐Ruiz… - Oxford Journal of …, 2016 - Wiley Online Library
The extraction of silver has traditionally been considered as one of the main incentives for
the Phoenician expansion throughout the M editerranean and their settlement in I beria. In …

Metal provenance of Iron Age Hacksilber hoards in the southern Levant

L Gentelli, J Blichert-Toft, G Davis, H Gitler… - Journal of …, 2021 - Elsevier
Hacksilber facilitated trade and transactions from the beginning of the second millennium
BCE until the late fourth century BCE in the southern Levant. Here we demonstrate the use …

Silver isotopes in silver suggest Phoenician innovation in metal production

T Eshel, O Tirosh, N Yahalom-Mack, A Gilboa, Y Erel - Applied Sciences, 2022 - mdpi.com
The current study presents Ag isotopic values of 45 silver artifacts with known Pb isotopic
composition from the Southern Levant. These items originate from seven pre-coinage silver …