Memories relating to a painful, negative event are adaptive and can be stored for a lifetime
to support preemptive avoidance, escape, or attack behavior. However, under unfavorable …

The honeybee (Apis mellifera) has long served as an invertebrate model organism for
reward learning and memory research. Its capacity for learning and memory formation is …

Painful events establish opponent memories: cues that precede pain are remembered
negatively, whereas cues that follow pain, thus coinciding with relief are recalled positively …

Animals, including humans, form oppositely valenced memories for stimuli that predict the
occurrence versus the termination of a reward: appetitive 'reward'memory for stimuli …

Impaired safety learning has been proposed as a risk factor for anxiety disorders, but safety
can be indicated by either threat absence or threat termination (ie, relief). Here, we …

Adverse life events can induce two kinds of memory with opposite valence, dependent on
timing:“negative” memories for stimuli preceding them and “positive” memories for stimuli …

Identifying which nonhuman animal species are capable of feeling pain is important both for
understanding pain mechanisms more generally and for informing animal welfare …

The honeybee has been established as an important model organism in studies on visual
learning. So far the emphasis has been on appetitive conditioning, simulating floral …

Past research on backward conditioning in evaluative and fear conditioning yielded
inconsistent results in that self‐report measures suggest that the conditional stimulus (CS) …

Odour processing exhibits multiple parallels between vertebrate and invertebrate olfactory
systems. Insects, in particular, have emerged as relevant models for olfactory studies …