Biomarkers are naturally-occurring characteristics by which a particular pathological process
or disease can be identified or monitored. They can reflect past environmental exposures …

Psychiatric phenotypes are multifactorial and polygenic, resulting from the complex interplay
of genes and environmental factors that act cumulatively throughout an organism's lifetime …

Maternal smoking during pregnancy has been found to influence newborn DNA methylation
in genes involved in fundamental developmental processes. It is pertinent to understand the …

The negative effect of oxidative stress on the human reproductive process is no longer a
matter for debate. Oxidative stress affects female and male gametes and the developmental …

In addition to the well-characterized role of the sex steroid receptors in regulating fertility and
reproduction, reproductive events are also mediated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal …

Fetal life is characterized by a tremendous plasticity and ability to respond to various
environmental and lifestyle factors, including maternal nutrition. Identification of the role of …

A growing body of evidence demonstrates that adverse events early in development, and
particularly during intrauterine life, may program risks for diseases in adult life. Increasing …

It is thought that germ cells and preimplantation embryos during development are most
susceptible to endogenous and exogenous environmental factors because the epigenome …

Background Fetal development is a crucial window of susceptibility in which exposure-
related alterations can be induced on the molecular level, leading to potential changes in …

Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are a class of environmental toxicants that interfere
with the endocrine system, resulting in developmental malformations, reproductive …