The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is not only important in executive functions, but also pain
processing. The latter is dependent on its connections to other areas of the cerebral …

Mood disorders such as depression and anxiety are frequently observed in patients
suffering from chronic pain. Over time, different tests and models have been developed in …

The gut dysbiosis by stressors such as immobilization deteriorates psychiatric disorders
through microbiota-gut-brain axis activation. To understand whether probiotics could …

Accumulating evidence suggests that the gut microbiota–brain axis plays a role in the
pathogenesis of depression, thereby contributing to the antidepressant actions of certain …

Patients with chronic neuropathic pain frequently suffer from symptoms of anhedonia, which
is a core symptom of depression. Accumulating studies suggest that gut microbiota may play …

The increasing number of individuals with comorbidities poses an urgent need to improve
the management of patients with multiple co-existing diseases. Among these comorbidities …

Neuropathic pain is a pathological condition induced by a lesion or disease affecting the
somatosensory system, with symptoms like allodynia and hyperalgesia. It has a multifaceted …

The growing interest in the rapid and sustained antidepressant effects of the dissociative
anesthetic ketamine and classic psychedelics, such as psilocybin, is remarkable. However …

Background: Ketamine is a novel rapid-acting antidepressant with high efficacy in treatment-
resistant patients. Its exact therapeutic mechanisms of action are unclear; however, in recent …

Background Treatment-resistant depression (TRD) and pain frequently coexist clinically.
Ketamine has analgesic and antidepressant effects, but few studies have evaluated …