The conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm is a well-established model utilized to
study the role of context associations in reward-related behaviors, including both natural …

There is increasing interest among functional neurosurgeons in the potential for novel
therapies to impact upon diseases beyond movement disorders and pain. A target of …

Collections of cells called engrams are thought to represent memories. Although there has
been progress in identifying and manipulating single engrams, little is known about how …

Investigations of long-term changes in brain structure and function that accompany chronic
exposure to drugs of abuse suggest that alterations in gene regulation contribute …

Memories are thought to be sparsely encoded in neuronal networks, but little is known about
why a given neuron is recruited or allocated to a particular memory trace. Previous research …

Opioid use kills tens of thousands of Americans each year, devastates families and entire
communities, and cripples the health care system. Exposure to opioids causes long-term …

Rationale Genetic and environmental influences on the development of alcohol and drug
dependence are equally important. Exposure to early life stress, that is unfortunately …

Nociception and pain is a large field of both neuroscience and medical research. Over time,
various tests and models were developed in rodents to provide tools for fundamental and …

Addiction is a state of compulsive drug use; despite treatment and other attempts to control
drug taking, addiction tends to persist. Clinical and laboratory observations have converged …

In the present study, we have examined the behavioral and biochemical effect of induction of
psychological stress using a modified version of the resident-intruder model for social stress …