The gut‐associated lymphoid tissue is the largest immune organ in the body and is the
primary route by which we are exposed to antigens. Tolerance induction is the default …

Multiple mechanisms of tolerance are induced by oral antigen. Low doses favor active
suppression, whereas higher doses favor clonal anergy/deletion. Oral antigen induces T …

The worldwide increase in the incidence of diabetes, the increase in type 2 diabetes in
women at reproductive ages, and the cross-generation of the intrauterine programming of …

The immune system has the daunting task of distinguishing between self and non-self. The
mucosal immune system, present along the respiratory, gastrointestinal and genitourinary …

Alterations in the composition of the intestinal microbiota have been associated with
development of type 1 diabetes (T1D), but little is known about changes in intestinal …

Oral tolerance refers to the observation that prior feeding of an antigen induces local and
systemic immune tolerance to that antigen. Physiologically, this process is probably of …

Multiple mechanisms have been proposed to explain the immune hyporesponsiveness to
fed antigens, a phenomenon named oral tolerance. Low doses of orally administered …

Disease development in diabetes-prone BB rats is modified by the type of diet fed after
weaning. The aim of this investigation was to determine whether exposure during the first …

Especially in western civilizations, immune diseases that are driven by innocuous (auto-or
allo-) antigens are gradually evolving to become pandemic threats. A particularly poignant …

▪ Abstract Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the patient's immune system
destroys the insulin-secreting β-cells in the pancreatic islets of Langerhans. A majority of …