The mammalian ionotropic glutamate receptor family encodes 18 gene products that
coassemble to form ligand-gated ion channels containing an agonist recognition site, a …

For more than 50 years, ketamine has proven to be a safe anesthetic drug with potent
analgesic properties. The active enantiomer is S (+)ketamine. Ketamine is mostly …

As early as the 19th century, OIH was observed in patients receiving morphine for pain. It
was recognized that a potent analgesic such as morphine could actually result in an …

Upon receipt in the dorsal horn (DH) of the spinal cord, nociceptive (pain-signalling)
information from the viscera, skin and other organs is subject to extensive processing by a …

Many are frustrated with the lack of translational progress in the pain field, in which huge
gains in basic science knowledge obtained using animal models have not led to the …

OBJECTIVES: To discuss fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) and overlapping conditions, eg,
irritable bowel syndrome, headaches, and chronic fatigue syndrome, within the concept of …

NO was first characterized in the CNS as the intercellular messenger mediating the increase
in cyclic GMP levels that follows activation of glutamate receptors (Garthwaite et al., 1988) …

The flexion or flexor reflex (FR) recorded in the lower limbs in humans (LLFR) is a widely
investigated neurophysiological tool. It is a polysynaptic and multisegmental spinal …

OBJECTIVE: After prolonged opioid exposure, children develop opioid-induced
hyperalgesia, tolerance, and withdrawal. Strategies for prevention and management should …

It is a clinical reality that women make up the large majority of chronic pain patients, and
there is now consensus from laboratory experiments that when differences are seen, women …