Bender element (BE) testing is a powerful and increasingly common laboratory technique for
determining the shear S-wave velocity of geomaterials. There are several advantages of BE …

The shear modulus at very small strains (0· 001% or less), G 0, is one of the most important
parameters for predicting ground movements and dynamic responses of many engineering …

Piezoceramic elements are the electro-mechanical transducers which generate shear and
compression waves. Application of these piezoceramic bender/extender elements is an …

Bender elements are piezoelectric transducers frequently employed for the measurement of
the small-strain shear modulus of soils. The measurement is based on transmission of a …

This paper reconsiders the signals that are transmitted in bender element tests and the
associated transfer functions to identify the problems that bias the velocity (travel time) …

Bender elements are used to measure the low-strain shear-wave velocity of soils in many
geotechnical laboratories worldwide. Despite their popularity, the method remains without a …

Piezo-ceramic elements are customized as transducers for the measurement of mechanical
properties of materials in the engineering field. This was made possible with the industrial …

Bender element transducers are used to determine the small-strain shear stiffness, Go, of
soil, by determining the velocity of propagation of mechanical waves through tested …

Bender elements are a powerful and increasingly common laboratory tool for determining
the shear wave velocity hence the small strain shear stiffness (G 0) in soil samples. There …

In bender-element (BE) testing, shear-wave velocities are measured using two main
methods: time-domain analysis of vibration data from pulse excitation and frequency-domain …