Autophagy is a fundamental and phylogenetically conserved self‐degradation process that
is characterized by the formation of double‐layered vesicles (autophagosomes) around …

Research in autophagy continues to accelerate, 1 and as a result many new scientists are
entering the field. Accordingly, it is important to establish a standard set of criteria for …

In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy.
Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered …

Autophagy is a conserved pathway that maintains cellular quality control. Extracellular
signal-regulated kinase (ERK) controls various aspects of cell physiology including …

LC3s (MAP1-LC3A, B and C) are structural proteins of autophagosomal membranes, widely
used as biomarkers of autophagy. Whether these three LC3 proteins have a similar …

Abstract Purpose of Review Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most
common causes of chronic liver disease with rising prevalence worldwide. Herein, we …

Autophagy is a stress-induced cell survival program whereby cells under metabolic,
proteotoxic, or other stress remove dysfunctional organelles and/or misfolded …

Hederagenin (HED) has poor anticancer activity whose mechanism remains unclear and
unsystematic. Free drugs for cancer treatment exhibit disadvantages such as poor targeting …

Macroautophagy is a highly conserved catabolic process that is crucial for organ
homeostasis in mammals. However, methods to directly measure macroautophagic activity …

Purpose Polydopamine-coated branched Au–Ag nanoparticles (Au–Ag@ PDA NPs) exhibit
good structural stability, biocompatibility, and photothermal performance, along with …