As the evolutionary interests of males and females are frequently divergent, a trait value that
is optimal for the fitness of one sex is often not optimal for the other. A shared genome also …

This article reviews the latest developments in our understanding of the origin, development,
and evolution of nymphalid butterfly eyespots. Recent contributions to this field include …

Ants are highly polyphenic Hymenoptera, with at least three distinct adult forms in the vast
majority of species. Their sexual dimorphism, however, is overlooked to the point of being a …

Sex-biased gene expression is likely to account for most sexually dimorphic traits because
males and females share much of their genome. When fitness optima differ between sexes …

Butterfly eyespots represent novel complex traits that display substantial diversity in number
and size within and across species. Correlative gene expression studies have implicated a …

Ecological diversification presents an enduring puzzle: how do novel ecological strategies
evolve in organisms that are already adapted to their ecological niche? Most attempts to …

Brilliant animal colors often are produced from light interacting with intricate nano-
morphologies present in biological materials such as butterfly wing scales. Surveys across …

Numerous butterflies have circular patterns called eyespots on their wings. Explanations for
their functional value have until recently remained hypothetical. However, several studies in …

Highlights•Camouflage during motion might be ineffective against predation.•I tested
whether dynamic colour change could be advantageous during motion.•Stimulus with …

Early acquisition of mate preferences or mate-preference learning is associated with signal
diversity and speciation in a wide variety of animal species. However, the diversity of …