Decades of research have identified genetic factors and biochemical pathways involved in
neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs). We present evidence for the following eight hallmarks …

Neurodegenerative disorders are primarily characterized by neuron loss. The most common
neurodegenerative disorders include Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. Although there …

Multiple modes of cell death have been identified, each with a unique function and each
induced in a setting-dependent manner. As billions of cells die during mammalian …

The RAF/MEK/ERK signaling pathway regulates diverse cellular processes as exemplified
by cell proliferation, differentiation, motility, and survival. Activation of ERK1/2 generally …

During aging, the cellular milieu of the brain exhibits tell-tale signs of compromised
bioenergetics, impaired adaptive neuroplasticity and resilience, aberrant neuronal network …

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder molecularly characterized by the
formation of amyloid β (Aβ) plaques and type 2 microtubule-associated protein (Tau) …

Microglia play a pivotal role in the maintenance of brain homeostasis but lose homeostatic
function during neurodegenerative disorders. We identified a specific apolipoprotein E …

The human brain consumes 20% of the total basal oxygen (O 2) budget to support ATP
intensive neuronal activity. Without sufficient O 2 to support ATP demands, neuronal activity …

Traditional biochemical methods for enzyme detection are mainly based on antibody-based
immunoassays, which lack the ability to monitor the spatiotemporal distribution and, in …

Brain aging is a complex process that affects everything from the subcellular to the organ
level, begins early in life, and accelerates with age. Morphologically, brain aging is primarily …