Background Several reviews of synergisms and antagonisms in chemical mixtures have
concluded that synergisms are relatively rare. However, these reviews focused on mixtures …

The rapid development of nanomaterials (NMs) and the emergence of new multicomponent
NMs will inevitably lead to simultaneous exposure of organisms to multiple engineered …

The drive for development and modernization has come at great cost. Various human
activities in developed and developing countries, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) …

Cocktail effects and synergistic interactions of chemicals in mixtures are an area of great
concern to both the public and regulatory authorities. The main concern is whether some …

In the environment, organisms are exposed to a diverse array of chemicals in complex
mixtures. The majority of approaches that aim to assess the risk of environmental chemical …

Ecosystems are exposed to multiple stressors which can compromise functioning and
service delivery. These stressors often co‐occur and interact in different ways which are not …

We describe 2 artificial stream experiments that exposed aquatic insect communities to zinc
(Zn), copper (Cu), and cadmium (year 2014) and to Zn, Cu, and nickel (year 2015). The …

Metal contamination in freshwater ecosystems is a global issue and metal discharges to
aquatic environments are monitored in order to protect aquatic life and human health …

The biotic ligand model (BLM) is a numerical approach that couples chemical speciation
calculations with toxicological information to predict the toxicity of aquatic metals. This …

Removing lead from gasoline has resulted in decreases in blood lead levels in most of the
world, but blood lead levels remain elevated in low and middle-income countries compared …