The discovery of insulin 100 years ago and its application to the treatment of human disease
in the years since have marked a major turning point in the history of medicine. The …

Ferroptosis is a regulated form of cell death driven by loss of activity of the lipid repair
enzyme glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) and subsequent accumulation of lipid-based …

Kidney tubular cell death induced by transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) is known to
contribute to diabetic nephropathy, a major complication of diabetes. Caspase-3-dependent …

Insulin receptors, as well as IGF-1 receptors and their postreceptor signaling partners, are
distributed throughout the brain. Insulin acts on these receptors to modulate peripheral …

Diabetes and insulin resistance are associated with altered brain imaging, depression, and
increased rates of age-related cognitive impairment. Here we demonstrate that mice with a …

Huntington's disease (HD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder for which no
disease modifying treatments exist. Many molecular changes and cellular consequences …

Onset of neurodegenerative disorders, including Huntington's disease, is strongly influenced
by aging. Hallmarks of aged cells include compromised nuclear envelope integrity, impaired …

Oxidative stress occurs in a variety of disease settings and is strongly linked to the
development of neuron death and neuronal dysfunction. Cells are equipped with numerous …

Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) is a polypeptide hormone structurally similar to insulin. It is
central to the somatotropic axis, acting downstream of growth hormone (GH). It activates …

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal motoneuron disease with no current effective
treatment. Accumulation of abnormal protein inclusions containing SOD1, TARDBP, FUS …