Highlights•The three major electron transfer routes are reviewed: 1st, 2nd (mediated
electron transfer) and 3rd generation biosensors (direct electron transfer).•Enzymatic …

Due to their electrochemical and economical characteristics, pencil graphite electrodes
(PGEs) gained in recent years a large applicability to the analysis of various types of …

Pencil is one of the most widely used electrode material in electrochemical sensing of
various organic and inorganic species with significant lower detection limit. Due to their …

Dopamine is an important neurotransmitter, and its maladjustment is responsible for many
diseases. Its accurate determination has great significance in medical and behavioral …

In biosensors and biofuel cells, it is often desirable to accelerate the electron transfer rate
between the enzyme and electrode surface to improve the performance of the devices …

Abstract Three-dimensional (3D) porous networks of planar 2D graphene have attractive
features with respect to sensing. These include a large electroactive surface area, good …

Pencil leads have been increasingly used as electrode material in electrochemical
applications. Commonly denominated as pencil graphite electrodes (PGE), they represent a …

Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) are getting considerable attention as electrode modifiers
in electrochemical sensing applications. They are unique materials because of their two …

Monitoring heavy metals in wastewater streams is necessary to comply with standard
governmental water treatment and discharge policies. Electrochemical heavy metal …

Meeting the current needs for easier, more precise and faster analyses that also follow the
principles of green analytical chemistry requires novel analytical chemistry strategies. Since …