Background The field of neuromodulation is continually evolving, with the past decade
showing significant advancement in the therapeutic efficacy of neuromodulation procedures …

Low back pain is the leading cause of activity limitation and work absence throughout much
of the world, imposing a high economic burden on individuals, families, communities …

Failed back surgery syndrome (FBSS) is a major, worldwide health problem that generates
considerable expense for healthcare systems. A number of controversial issues concerning …

Background: Postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) occurs in 9% to 34% of herpes zoster (HZ)
patients, and the incidence of PHN is positively correlated with age. A number of patients …

Objective Pulsed radiofrequency (PRF) is a nonablative pain treatment that uses
radiofrequency current in short high-voltage bursts, resulting in interruption of nociceptive …

Background Pulsed radiofrequency (PRF) is beneficial for radicular pain and is commonly
administered at pulse frequencies of 2 or 4 Hz. However, its effects on healthy neurons have …

Background Sacroiliac joint (SIJ) pathology is a cause of low back pain that may be difficult
to diagnose and challenging to treat. Open and minimally invasive (MI) lateral approach …

Erythromelalgia is a rare disorder characterized by episodic burning pain with redness and
warmth of the extremities. Topical and systemic medications are the mainstay of …

The sacroiliac joint (SIJ) is the largest axial joint in the body. It consists of the articulation of
the lateral sacrum with the posteromedial ilium and is considered part synovial and part …

Background Pulsed radiofrequency (RF) targeting the adjacent dorsal root ganglion (DRG)
is one treatment option for lumbosacral radicular pain. However, the analgesic efficacy of …