Originating in the equatorial Pacific, the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) has highly
consequential global impacts, motivating the need to understand its responses to …

Ocean temperature variability is a fundamental component of the Earth's climate system, and
extremes in this variability affect the health of marine ecosystems around the world. The …

2 Chapter 2 assesses observed large-scale changes in climate system drivers, key climate
indicators and 3 principal modes of variability. Chapter 3 considers model performance and …

Abstract Most El Niño events occur sporadically and peak in a single winter,–, whereas La
Niña tends to develop after an El Niño and last for two years or longer,,–. Relative to single …

The AR5 concluded that human influence on the climate system is clear, evident from
increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, positive radiative forcing …

Abstract The climate of South America (SA) has long held an intimate connection with El
Niño, historically describing anomalously warm sea-surface temperatures off the coastline of …

Central Chile, home to more than 10 million inhabitants, has experienced an uninterrupted
sequence of dry years since 2010 with mean rainfall deficits of 20–40%. The so-called Mega …

El Niño events are characterized by surface warming of the tropical Pacific Ocean and
weakening of equatorial trade winds that occur every few years. Such conditions are …

Abstract Initialized Earth System predictions are made by starting a numerical prediction
model in a state as consistent as possible to observations and running it forward in time for …

Tropical Cyclones and Climate Change Assessment: Part II: Projected Response to
Anthropogenic Warming in: Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society Volume 101 …