On the basis of behavioural evidence, dopamine is found to be involved in two higher-level
functions of the brain: reward-mediated learning and motor activation. In these functions …

Mania is the defining feature of bipolar disorder (BD). There has been limited progress in
understanding the neurobiological underpinnings of BD mania and developing novel …

The first part of this study demonstrates that the bimodal shape of variation in “fleeing” and
“nonfleeing” or “freezing” rats of an outbred strain of Wistar rats forms part of an overall …

The striatum has been implicated in a number of neutological and psychiatric diseases. It
has received considerable attention from pharmacologists, neuroanatomists …

Play fighting is a frequent activity of juvenile rats and appears to show marked variability
amongst individuals in that some rats play a great deal and others very little. This study …

Infants of rats and other mammals respond to a novel environment by becoming immobile,
and then showing a process of motorial expansion called “warm‐up.” Starting from …

The characteristic locomotor disturbances of Parkinson's disease (PD) include shuffling gait,
short steps and low walking velocity. In this study we investigated features of walking and …

Exploration is a central component of human and animal behavior that has been studied in
rodents for almost a century. The measures used by neuroscientists to characterize full …

The behavior in an open field of rats injected with the D 2-agonist quinpirole (2 mg/kg; n=
10) and saline (n= 10) was analyzed in terms of routes and movements. Quinpirole induces …

Ordinary language can prevent us from seeing the organization of whole-animal movement.
This may be why the search for behavioral homologies has not been as fruitful as the …