Cancers are able to grow by subverting immune suppressive pathways, to prevent the
malignant cells as being recognized as dangerous or foreign. This mechanism prevents the …

ATP, NAD+, and nucleic acids are abundant purines that, in addition to having critical
intracellular functions, have evolved extracellular roles as danger signals released in …

In ischemic stroke, the primary neuronal injury caused by the disruption of energy supply is
further exacerbated by secondary sterile inflammation. The inflammatory cascade is largely …

Immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs) encompass a wide range of seemingly
unrelated conditions, such as multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, inflammatory …

Extracellular adenine nucleotides participate in cell-to-cell communication and modulate the
immune response. The concerted action of ectonucleotidases CD39 and CD73 plays a …

Injuries to the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and outer retina often result in the
accumulation of retinal microglia within the subretinal space. These subretinal microglia play …

The tumor immune microenvironment contributes to tumor initiation, progression and
response to therapy. Among the immune cell subsets that play a role in the tumor …

The tumor microenvironment induces immunosuppression via recruiting and expanding
suppressive immune cells such as regulatory T cells (Treg) to promote cancer progression …

Abstract γδ T cells share characteristics of innate and adaptive immune cells and are
involved in a broad spectrum of pro-inflammatory functions. Nonetheless, there is …

Adenosine (ADO) is an immunosuppressive molecule, which suppresses the immune
responses by interacting with specific receptors expressed by immune effector cells. ADO is …