Aversive events rapidly and potently excite certain dopamine neurons in the ventral
tegmental area (VTA), promoting phasic increases in the medial prefrontal cortex and …

One of the most common paradigms used to study the biological basis of emotion, as well as
of learning and memory, is Pavlovian fear conditioning. In the acquisition phase of a fear …

The prefrontal cortex (PFC) has long been known to be involved in the mediation of complex
behavioral responses. Considerable research efforts are directed towards refining the …

Activation of the inflammatory immune system provokes numerous neuroendocrine and
neurotransmitter changes, many of which are similar to those provoked by physical or …

Given the array of biological changes induced by stressors, it is not surprising that these
experiences may provoke a variety of illnesses. Among others things, stressors promote …

In this review, we will examine the most recent preclinical evidence in support of the fact that
both acute and chronic stress may have a detrimental impact on the normal function of the …

Microdialysis, binding and behavioural studies have shown that the dopaminergic system
plays a role in antidepressant treatment. It has been suggested that stress may provoke a …

Objective: The efficacy of antipsychotics in the treatment of primary or comorbid anxiety
disorders or anxiety symptoms in major depressive disorder or bipolar disorder was …

BACKGROUND: Although numerous behavioral tests are available to assess anxiety, we
introduce a simplified version of a previously established test that is exquisitely sensitive and …

Mice (C57BL/6J strain, females) with cytotoxic lesions of the medial wall of the prefrontal
cortex were given a battery of tests to assess emotional, species-typical, cognitive, motor …