In the past, endothelium was thought to be only a mechanical barrier. Today, endothelium is
known to be a tissue regulating vascular tone, cell growth and the interaction between the …

The endothelium, by area alone, is one of the largest organs in the body comprised of up to
trillion cells, weighing over 1 kg, and covering nearly 3 m2 in a 70 kg male. 1, 2 Moreover, it …

Endothelial dysfunction is a systemic disorder and a key variable in the pathogenesis of
atherosclerosis and its complications. Current evidence suggests that endothelial status is …

Defining new approaches for the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis is an important
priority. Recently, measurement of endothelial function in patients has emerged as a useful …

Endothelial dysfunction is a well established response to cardiovascular risk factors and
precedes the development of atherosclerosis. Endothelial dysfunction is involved in lesion …

Hypertension contributes significantly to worldwide cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.
Hypertension appears to have a complex association with endothelial dysfunction, a …

The importance of the renin angiotensin aldosterone system in cardiovascular physiology
and pathophysiology has been well described whereas the detailed molecular mechanisms …

Diabetes mellitus is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, even in the
presence of intensive glycemic control. Substantial clinical and experimental evidence …

Angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptor activation as well as proinflammatory cytokines such as
interleukin-6 (IL-6) are involved in the development and progression of atherosclerosis. The …

Objective The circulating irisin increases energy expenditure and improves insulin
resistance in mice and humans. The improvement of insulin resistance ameliorates …