Electrophysiological techniques, by measuring bioelectrical signals and ion channel
activities in tissues and cells, are now widely utilized to study ion channel-related …

Red tide events, caused by a toxin producing dinoflagellate, Karenia brevis, occur annually
in Florida and Texas. These events lead to health risks for both humans and wildlife that …

Emerging marine biotoxins such as ciguatoxins and brevetoxins have been widely and
independently studied as food pollutants. Their maximum levels in food components were …

Because of their trace existence, exquisite structure and unique role, highly toxic marine
biotoxins have always led to the development of natural product identification, structure and …

Secondary metabolites of plants, fungi, bacteria, and algae have long been known to
provide an ecological service to their producers. Additionally, many of these compounds …