Autophagy plays a key role in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis. In healthy cells,
such a homeostatic activity constitutes a robust barrier against malignant transformation …

Abstract The Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK and PI3K/PTEN/Akt/mTOR cascades are often activated by
genetic alterations in upstream signaling molecules such as receptor tyrosine kinases …

Abstract The Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK and PI3K/PTEN/Akt/mTOR cascades are often activated by
genetic alterations in upstream signaling molecules such as receptor tyrosine kinases …

It is unknown why only a minority of circulating tumor cells trapped in lung capillaries form
metastases and involvement of immune cells remains uncertain. A novel model has been …

Raf are conserved, ubiquitous serine/protein kinases discovered as the cellular elements
hijacked by transforming retroviruses. The three mammalian RAF proteins (A, B and CRAF) …

Metformin, an inexpensive and well-tolerated oral agent commonly used in the first-line
treatment of type 2 diabetes, has become the focus of intense research as a candidate …

Metastasis accounts for the vast majority of morbidity and mortality associated with
melanoma. Evidence suggests melanoma has a predilection for metastasis to particular …

Metastatic melanoma remained for decades without any effective treatment and was thus
considered as a paradigm of cancer resistance. Recent progress with understanding of the …

Intracellular signaling by mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases (MAPK) is involved in
many cellular responses and in the regulation of various physiological and pathological …

The Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) pathway plays a key role in melanoma
development making it an important therapeutic target. In normal cells, the tightly regulated …