Pancreatic cancer is a deadly disease with high mortality due to difficulties in its early
diagnosis and metastasis. The tumor microenvironment induced by interactions between …

The transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is the prototype of the TGF-β family of growth and
differentiation factors, which is encoded by 33 genes in mammals and comprises homo-and …

Cancer stem cells (CSCs), also known as tumor‐initiating cells (TICs), are elucidated as
cells that can perpetuate themselves via autorestoration. These cells are highly resistant to …

Recently, there has been an increasing interest in the development and characterization of
patient-derived tumor xenograft (PDX) models for cancer research. PDX models mostly …

The anti-diabetic drug metformin targets pancreatic cancer stem cells (CSCs), but not their
differentiated progenies (non-CSCs), which may be related to distinct metabolic phenotypes …

TGF-β signaling can be pro-tumorigenic or tumor suppressive. We investigated this duality in
pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA), which, with other gastrointestinal cancers …

Cancer cells adapt cellular metabolism to cope with their high proliferation rate. Instead of
primarily using oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), cancer cells use less efficient …

Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) signaling regulates a wide range of biological
processes. TGF-β plays an important role in tumorigenesis and contributes to the hallmarks …

The cancer stem cell (CSC) model has been established as a cellular mechanism that
contributes to phenotypic and functional heterogeneity in diverse cancer types. Recent …

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been proposed as the driving force of tumorigenesis and the
seeds of metastases. However, their existence and role remain a topic of intense debate …