Prostaglandins are lipid autacoids derived from arachidonic acid. They both sustain
homeostatic functions and mediate pathogenic mechanisms, including the inflammatory …

The ability of MSCs to modulate the inflammatory environment is well recognized, but
understanding the molecular mechanisms responsible for these properties is still far from …

Although conventional innate immune stimuli contribute to immune activation, they induce
exhausted immune cells, resulting in suboptimal cancer immunotherapy. Here we suggest a …

Naive CD4+ T cell differentiation into distinct subsets of T helper (Th) cells is a pivotal
process in the initiation of the adaptive immune response. Allergens predominantly stimulate …

Nucleotide signaling molecules contribute to the regulation of cellular pathways. In the
immune system, cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is well established as a potent …

Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen-presenting cells responsible for the activation
of specific T-cell responses and for the development of immune tolerance. Immature DCs …

Glioblastomas (GBM) are the most frequent and aggressive malignant primary brain tumor
and remains a therapeutic challenge: even after multimodal therapy, median survival of …

The EP4 prostanoid receptor is one of four receptor subtypes for prostaglandin E 2. It
belongs to the family of G protein–coupled receptors. It was originally identified, similar to …

G‐protein–coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling is essential for the spatiotemporal control of
leukocyte dynamics during immune responses. For efficient navigation through mammalian …

Chemokines are pivotal regulators of cell migration during continuous immune surveillance,
inflammation, homeostasis, and development. Chemokine binding to their 7-transmembrane …