Women are at twice the risk for anxiety and depression disorders as men are, although the
underlying biological factors and mechanisms are largely unknown. In this review, we …

Exercise is a non-pharmacological strategy to mitigate the deleterious effects of aging on
brain health. However, a large amount of variation exists in its efficacy. Sex of participants …

Oestradiol establishes neural sex differences in many vertebrates 1, 2, 3 and modulates
mood, behaviour and energy balance in adulthood 4, 5, 6, 7, 8. In the canonical pathway …

While animal studies have demonstrated a unique reproduction-related neuroplasticity, little
is known on the effects of pregnancy on the human brain. Here we investigated whether …

The female sex hormone estrogen has been ascribed potent neuroprotective properties. It
signals by binding and activating estrogen receptors that, depending on receptor subtype …

Biological differences between males and females are found at multiple levels. However,
females have too often been under-represented in behavioral neuroscience research, which …

It is well established that estrogens affect neuroplasticity in a number of brain regions. In
particular, estrogens modulate and mediate spine and synapse formation as well as …

The brain is an endocrine organ, sensitive to the rhythmic changes in sex hormone
production that occurs in most mammalian species. In rodents and nonhuman primates …

Estrogens are the hormones of reproduction in women as well as of many other important
functions in the male and female body. They undergo significant changes in the different …

Sex/gender differences in cognitive sciences are riddled by conflicting perspectives. At the
center of debates are clinical, social, and political perspectives. Front and center …