Polyploidy has been hypothesized to be both an evolutionary dead-end and a source for
evolutionary innovation and species diversification. Although polyploid organisms …

An appreciation of the scale and frequency of climatic oscillations in the past few million
years is modifying our views on how evolution proceeds. Such major events caused …

The glacial episodes of the Quaternary (2.6 million years ago–present) were a major factor
in shaping the present-day distributions of extant flora and fauna, with expansions and …

Glacial cycles have played a dominant role in shaping the genetic structure and distribution
of biota in northwestern North America. The two major ice age refugia of Beringia and the …

The climatic cycles with subsequent glacial and intergalcial periods have had a great impact
on the distribution and evolution of species. Using genetic analytical tools considerably …

The field of plant taxonomy has transformed rapidly over the past fifteen years, especially
with regard to improvements in cladistic analysis and the use of new molecular data. The …

Plant speciation and diversification strongly rely on structural changes in the nuclear
genome, both at the whole ploidy and individual chromosome level. Phylogenetic …

Enormous strides have been made in the study of polyploidy over the last 20 yr. Here, we
highlight some of these discoveries and note where our understanding of polyploid …

The Arctic is an excellent model system for the study of polyploidy. It is one the Earth's most
polyploid-rich areas, in particular of high-level and recently evolved polyploids. Here we re …

This book is unique in providing a global overview of alpine (high mountain) habitats that
occur above the natural (cold-limited) tree line, describing the factors that have shaped them …