Marine organisms are simultaneously exposed to anthropogenic stressors with likely
interactive effects, including synergisms in which the combined effects of multiple stressors …

Ocean acidification poses a global threat to biodiversity, yet species might have the capacity
to adapt through evolutionary change. Here we summarize tools available to determine …

Global warming and increased atmospheric CO2 are causing the oceans to warm, decrease
in pH and become hypercapnic. These stressors have deleterious impacts on marine …

Anthropogenic CO2 emitted to the atmosphere is absorbed by the oceans, causing a
progressive increase in ocean inorganic carbon concentrations and resulting in decreased …

Benthic marine invertebrates live in a multistressor world where stressor levels are, and will
continue to be, exacerbated by global warming and increased atmospheric carbon dioxide …

Elevations in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) are anticipated to acidify oceans because
of fundamental changes in ocean chemistry created by CO2 absorption from the …

Rising atmospheric carbon dioxide has resulted in scientific projections of changes in global
temperatures, climate in general, and surface seawater chemistry. Although the …

Ocean acidification (OA), a consequence of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions, poses
a serious threat to marine organisms in tropical, open-ocean, coastal, deep-sea, and high …

Rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) conditions are driving unprecedented changes in
seawater chemistry, resulting in reduced pH and carbonate ion concentrations in the Earth's …

Over the past twenty years conservation genetics has progressed from being mainly a theory-
based field of population biology to a full-grown empirical discipline. Technological …